History of Cognitive Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

History of Cognitive Psychology - Essay Example The commitment of early specialists under the direction of subjective conduct made it conceivable to confirm each examination. They didn't structure a fabulous plan to control psychological brain research through its turn of events. Or maybe, early specialists applied bits of knowledge from their prompt work to make starting progress. Their achievements were significant and are reflected widely in current work. (Barsalou, Lawrence.1992, p. 341) Modern brain science is started with the upgraded importance in discernment, which is unsceptical, as a similar methodology has been shared by all the specialists up to this point, which have a strong ground of hypothetical approach. Intellectual brain research started to investigate towards the finish of the nineteenth century when in 1879 the main brain science lab was set up by Wilhelm Wundt at Leipzig. Wundt's exploration was chiefly worried about recognition, including the absolute most punctual investigations of visual dreams. Among one of the significant examinations on visual figments was visual preparing proposed by Mishkin in 1982. (Hahn, Martin, 1999, p. 71). In 1885 Hermann Ebbinghaus distributed the principal trial research on memory, and numerous resulting specialists were to receive his strategies throughout the years that followed. Maybe the most enduring work of this early period was an amazing book composed by William James in 1890, entitled Principles of Psychology. (Groome, David, 1999, p. 5). In this book James proposed various speculations, which despite everything stay worthy to current psychological clinicians, including a hypothesis recognizing transient working memory and long haul stock piling memory. Watson (1913) Watson was the primary psychological analyst to express the behaviorist position unmistakably as before Watson there was little advancement in intellectual brain science in the early years because of the developing impact of behaviorism. Being the principal powerful figure, he kept up that analysts should consider just noticeable factors, for example, the boost introduced to the creature and any ensuing reaction to that improvement. He contended that they ought not worry about procedures that they couldn't see in a logical way, for example, thought and cognizant experience. The behaviorists were basically attempting to set up brain science as a genuine science, equivalent in status with different sciences, for example, material science or science. This was maybe a commendable point, yet it had shocking ramifications for the investigation of brain research for the following fifty years, as it had the impact of limiting exploratory brain science predominantly to the chronicle of remote ly noticeable reactions. (Groome, David, 1999, p. 5) Indeed, a few behaviorists were so excited to investigate past human experience that they never tried to dispense with internal mental procedures from their examinations, which demonstrated their enthusiasm to take a shot at rodents as opposed to on human subjects. Almost certainly, what experience a person brings to a lab, nothing else can bring. B.F. Skinner (1938) Skinner, proceeded with the exemplary work on the behaviorist methodology, via preparing

The Romantic Era Of Opera Music Essay

The Romantic Era Of Opera Music Essay The Romantic Era was a period in music in which there was a lot of progress during the 1850s to the 1920s in the hypothesis and compositional act of music. The writers composed their pieces with progressively aesthetic opportunity, experimentation, and imagination than the craftsmen of the traditional time and this made the tune become the more prevailing aspect in the tunes formed. Some mainstream writers that started out of this period are: Robert Schumann, Franz Schubert, Frã ©dã ©ric Chopin, and Richard Wagner. For motivation, numerous Romantic authors went to visual expressions, verse, dramatization and writing, and to nature itself. These impacts drove writers to communicate feeling in their music. These adjustments in the sound of the music came as the expanded utilization of cacophony and the all-encompassing utilization of chromatics. Albeit Romantic period music contained old style time roots, the instruments utilized in the Romantic time were changing and metal and woodw ind instruments were being improved in the nature of sound, just as by they way they were played. Some Romantic time writers utilized their arrangements to communicate patriotism by the method of joining components one of a kind to their local societies, for example, society melodies, moves, and amazing narratives. Mikhail Glinka is a case of a writer who composed shows explicitly on Russian subjects. Numerous incredible dramas got from the Romantic time including Gaetano Donizettis Lucia di Lammermoor, just as Gioachino Rossinis The Barber of Seville. Drama was exceptionally predominant in Italy where the dramas contrasted from the shows of the old style time on the grounds that the type of the pieces were being changed by having the tenors given the brave lead in dramas and by giving the chorale a more significant lead than previously. Gioachino Rossini was the primary arranger to start a drama in the Romantic time, which began in the mid nineteenth century. His first piece, La Cambiale di Matrimonio, included scenes where the characters communicated feeling through the verses of their tunes. This was a comedic drama that was the first of its sort which was written in 1810. Numerous extraordinary authors followed Rossini including Vincenzo Bellini, Gaetano Donizetti, and Giuseppe Verdi. These authors kept on changing the manner in which shows were being composed just as preforme d. These progressions were obvious in Verdis first fruitful show, Nabucco, which the overall population discovered fascinating as a result of its extraordinary ensembles. Verdi likewise kept on communicating patriotism in his shows, Va, pensiero, which was deciphered as offering importance to the battle for Italian freedom and Verdi was communicating his plan to bring together Italy. Before the finish of the Romantic period, drama had become a blend of numerous works of art including the theater, move and symphony situated music. In spite of the fact that drama was transcendent in Italy, numerous other European writers were adding to the adjustments in the music of their age, including German author Richard Wagner. Richard Wagner was conceived on May 22, 1813 in Leipzig, Germany where he had a troublesome youth. Wagners father kicked the bucket of typhus a half year after Richards birth which drove his mom Johanna Rosine Wagner, to start living with the entertainer and dramatist Ludwig Geyer, who had been a companion of Richards father up until his demise. Richards mother at that point continued to wed Ludwig Geyer and they moved the family to Dresden. It is here where Wagner began his melodic learning. Richard first checked out quite a while step fathers love for the theater and execution expressions and he played a holy messenger in a play at a neighborhood theater. At the point when he was seven, Wagner was selected at Pastor Wetzels school at Possendorf, close to Dresden, where he got some piano guidance from his Latin instructor. After a year his stepfather kicked the bucket which drove the multi year old Wagner to go to the Kreuz Grammar School in Dresden. In spite of the fact that Richard was generally a self trained performer he convinced his family to permit him to take music exercises. From 1828-1831 Wagner finished his first exercises in arrangement with Christian Gottlieb Mã ¼ller and when he was fifteen he had composed his first play. Wagners center around dramatization is one reason his dramas truly sparkled as being not quite the same as shows of the old style time. He selected at the University of Leipzig in 1831 where Wagner further took creation exercises from Christian Theodor Weinlig who would not let Richard pay for the exercises he was giving him. Weinlig was so dazzled with Wagners abilities that he masterminded one of Wagners piano attempts to be distributed. Wagner proceeded with his examinations in music and he finished his first show when he was twenty years of age called Die Feen. This drama would not be delivered until 50 years after the fact when it was debuted in Munich soon after his passing in 1883. Around the time he composed his first show, Wagner wedded the entertainer Minna Planer, who he moved to Riga with where he turned into the music executive of the nearby drama house. His relationship with his significant other was a pained one in that she left him once for another man, yet returned to him before they moved to Paris due to escaping from huge obligation. In 1862 he came back to Germany, where he moved in with Ludwig II. After the achievement of his drama, Tristan und Isolde, he chose to accomplish all the more going around Europe where he made such works of art as Siegfried and Gã ¶tterdã ¤mmerung. Towards an amazing finish Wagner chose to settle in Italy where composed his last show, Parsifal. Parsifal was first preformed at the Bayreuth celebration which happened at the show house in which Wagner himself subsidized. A fter the second Bayreuth celebration the Wagners chose to travel to Venice in the winter of 1883. It is here where Richard Wagner died because of a respiratory failure. In his long melodic vocation Wagner made thirteen shows including the most eminent Rienzi, Der fliegende Hollã ¤nde, Tristan und Isolde, and Der Ring des Nibelungen. Unmistakably Wagner was changing the manner in which dramas were being preformed, and he kept on driving the music further into the Romantic period by survey shows as all out works of art.

Joseph Estrada and National Service Training Essay Example for Free

Joseph Estrada and National Service Training Essay Republic Act 9163 is a demonstration setting up the National Service Training Program (NSTP) for tertiary level understudies. Its short title is National Service Training Program (NSTP) Act of 2001. It was passed by the House of Representatives and the Senate of the Republic of the Philippines on December 19, 2001. It was in this manner endorsed by Philippine President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo last January 23, 2002. RA 9163 or the National Service Training Program (NSTP) Act of 2001 NSTP is a program planned for improving urban awareness and safeguard readiness in the young by create ing the morals of administration and enthusiasm while experiencing preparing in any of its three (3) program parts. (RA 9163). Area 2 Rule 1 of the Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of the NSTP Act expresses the job of the young in country building. It says: 1. In acknowledgment of the indispensable job of the young in country assembling, the State will advance metro awareness among them and will build up their physical, profound, scholarly and social prosperity. It will instill the standards of energy, patriotism, and advance their association out in the open and metro issues. 2. As the most significant asset of the country, they will be inspired, prepared, composed and engaged with military, education, community government assistance programs and other comparative undertakings in the administration of the country. ROTC is a program standardized under Sections 38 and 39 of Republic Act 7077 intended to give mili-tary preparing to tertiary level understudies so as to persuade, train, sort out and activate them for national barrier readiness. (RA 9163). CWTS alludes to projects or exercises contributory to the general government assistance and the improvement of life for the individuals from the network or the upgrade of its offices, particularly those gave to improving wellbeing, instruction, condition, business enterprise, security, diversion and ethics of the populace. (RA 9163). LTS is a ? program intended to prepare understudies to become educators of proficiency and numeracy abilities to class chil-dren, out of school youth, and different sections of society needing their administration. (RA 9163). NSTP Act expresses that all approaching first year recruits understudies, male and female, beginning School Year (SY) 2002-2003, joined up with any baccalaureate and in any event two (2) year spe cialized professional or partner courses, are re-quired to finish one (1) NSTP segment of their decision, as a graduation prerequisite. (RA9163 IRR). Progressively finished, NSTP segment picked by the understudy will be embraced in two (2) terms and be credited for a 3-unit subject per term. Significant and enduring convictions or beliefs shared by the individuals from a culture about what is fortunate or unfortunate and attractive or bothersome. Qualities have significant effect on a people conduct and mentality and fill in as wide rules in all circumstances. Some basic business esteems are reasonableness, advancement and network inclusion. 2. The money related worth of something in regions, for example, bookkeeping, financial matters, promoting or science. A worth can be characterized as your own conviction on a good or moral issue. For instance, the individuals who have solid family esteems accept that families ought to consistently eat dinners together. The individuals who have solid Christian qualities think that its imperative to go to chapel every sunday. Instruction in its general sense is a type of learning where information, aptitudes, and propensities for a gathering of individuals are moved starting with one age then onto the next through educating, preparing, inquire about, or just through autodidacticism. For the most part, it happens through any experience that formatively affects the way one thinks, feels, or acts. The abundance of information gained by a person in the wake of contemplating specific topics or encountering life exercises that give a comprehension of something. Training requires guidance or the like from an individual or created writing. The most widely recognized types of training result from long stretche s of tutoring that consolidates investigations of an assortment of subjects.

Sixth Grade State Test Essay Samples - Gets the Teachers on the Straight and Narrow

Sixth Grade State Test Essay Samples - Gets the Teachers on the Straight and NarrowWhat should the latest crop of sixth grade state test essay samples look like? It might surprise you to learn that most children's test-taking is relatively easy, so you need to keep things interesting. There are some great samples here, but you need to know where to find them and what to look for to make sure that they are effective in getting your students ready for the real thing.It's not so hard to find these kinds of lesson-learning texts for use in the teacher's state test essays. It just takes a little time-consuming detective work. As long as you know where to look, you can find them on the web and find out how to use them to your advantage.You can often find them in the school library. There are usually plenty of magazines or newspapers that feature articles on tests. If they are actually written by test takers, they may even include their test answers. Here's an example from a New York Times story on high school English students taking the state English and Spelling test:The students began their exam reading in the New York Times, where a test-taking option called test-implication had been suggested. It allowed the students to explain their own writing to the teacher, even if it wasn't true. Some students went so far as to rewrite the paper completely, by looking up the spelling of unfamiliar words in the dictionary and then coming up with the correct pronunciation. In the essays, students spelled words out phonetically.It's worth mentioning that many of these kind of essays you can find online. That's because they are written for the general public and usually make use of the same descriptive styles and grammar that teachers might be using to help them with the real thing. The trick is to make sure that they are actually of some use to you as you're teaching your students to take the real test.There are plenty of opportunities to find many of these sixth grade state te st essay samples that you can use for your state-test essay. They can be found in the back of newspapers, in magazines, in the books you buy, and even in the news. The key is to make sure that they are written for children and not children's books or pictures, as some of them are meant to be used in real school.Use these essay samples, get the students into the habit of looking up words and concepts in the dictionary and how to spell them, and you'll find that you have your students ready for the real thing. And with a little creativity, you'll get the test-taking to be a lot more fun for them.

Social Media And Its Impact On Society Essay - 1339 Words

Take a minute to think about the world today. Everyone, surrounded by different social media sites: Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Snapchat, and more, is being influenced one way or another and some without even realizing it. Throughout my lifetime I have seen a gradual increase in the amount of social media sites, the use of magazines, and the audiences of television shows and movies. All are experiencing a steady growth that is inflicting a negative outcome on society. With so many different influences from one form of media to the next, it is difficult to control what sites are posting as well as realizing what they are capable of doing to the human race, specifically to all the women in today’s society. From newspapers, magazines, and electronics, society surrounds itself in a web of negativity and traps the human mind into thinking this is the way we are supposed to live. In 1928, the first television broadcast came out. Then in 1991, the world wide population was exposed to the newest and greatest invention of mankind, the internet (The Next Web). Newspapers and magazines are the oldest forms of media yet are still prevalent in the world today. In history, newspapers were used solely to inform readers on what important news was occurring in the world during that time as well as give information about job openings, businesses and weather. Magazines were not as popular but still were used by many over the years. As time went on, there was a gradual increase in the usageShow MoreRelatedImpact Of Social Media On Society Essay917 Words   |  4 PagesHave you thought about the impact that social media has on society? Today I would like to address the impact of social media on society for those of you that are social media users and this includes the advantages or disadvantages that as associated with it. In this speech, I want to relate to you how social media is being used by social media users. 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The short film titled, The Library Book, perfectly illustrates this as the characters within the film learn to assimilate in a society dominated by social media. The actions of each characterRead MoreThe Impact Of Social Media On Society987 Words   |  4 Pages The Negative Impact of Social Media on Society Marylin Vos Savant once said, â€Å"Email, instant messaging, and cell phones give us fabulous ability, but because we live and work in our own little worlds, that communication is totally disorganized†. The society we live in today requires modern technology. Texting, tweeting, and other forms of abbreviated communications are now changing how we speak. Of course technology and social media to be precise, is not necessarily evil; they have boosted the world’sRead MoreThe Impact Of Social Media On Society1652 Words   |  7 PagesIn 1968, popular artist Andy Warhol had brought to attention his opinion on the over-populated celebrity society of the time with his quote â€Å"In the future, everyone will be famous for fifteen minutes†. Times change, and the future approached, but Andy may have underestimated just how true that is. Nowadays, the quote has been translated to fit the modern times, â€Å"everyone will be famous for 15mb†. The quote being changed to that says a lot about the times that we are going through right now, whichRead MoreSocial Media And Its Impact On Society1224 Words   |  5 Pages Social media is a variety of platforms provided to the public as a medium for expression and communication. Seemingly, social media could be viewed as a positive contribution to society, but one must consider the underlying effects of society. Many of us don’t take into account the role that social media plays in the way we perceive things, think, and live our lives. Social media plays a critical part in societal norms. â€Å"Social norms are rules of conduct that governs interactions among individualsRead MoreSocial Media And Its Impact On Society Essay1622 Words   |  7 Pages What it Means to be Black In 2016, society is at a place where people are able to discover tons of information at the touch of a finger; this indeed can impact on how we view common things in society, such as identity. This statement holds true for â€Å"blacks† or African Americans as well. The stigma that comes with being black has been around for centuries; however, many blacks are using social media to combat negativity. In an era predicated on the use of the internet, black people have proven to

Othello Shakespeare s Othello And Reformation Theology

Othello and Reformation Theology In the opening act of Shakespeare’s Othello, Iago feigns great panic when he warns Othello of an approaching mob of angry men, â€Å"Those are the raised father and his friends,/ You were best go in† (1.2.29). Although he responds to Iago with great confidence, â€Å"Not I, I must be found† (1.2.30), Othello’s soul is soon to be tested, and his confidence will ultimately be broken. Othello’s soul, far from perfect, is masterfully spun by a craftsman who drew inspiration from a culture steeped in religious controversy and violence. Othello is a prideful man whose tragic fall and subsequent rise are modeled after the Reformation process of salvation. Though often pitied as an outsider and even more often condemned as a jealous monster, Othello is a Reformation saint whose struggle with sin and depravity places him within the ranks of an everyman. Othello’s flawed character, not an issue of his race but of his sin and depravity, are not uni que to his character but are drawn from a view of man that was widely propagated in Shakespeare’s England by Reformation theologians, pastors, preachers, and writers. This study of Othello will engage most specifically the works of Martin Luther and John Calvin, as they relate to the nature of redemptive humiliation. Othello’s damning pride and self-justifying habits are the most potent elements of his ruin. Robert Watson writes, â€Å"Pride is as fundamental to the tragedy of Othello as jealousy, and the

Occupational Preparedness and Clinical Performance †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Occupational Preparedness and Clinical Performance. Answer: Introduction: Registered nurses are expected to demonstrate competence in their profession throughout the career. It is their sole responsibility to remain accountable for the care they provide while maintaining nursing standards and regulations for practice. The term burnout was first used by Freudenberger in 1974 to describe the exhaustion experienced by mental healthcare professionals at their workplace. Maslach gave a comprehensive definition for the term. Burnout was defined as the physical and mental exhaustion that a professional faces while maintaining contact with other people at work. Long stressful working hours give rise to this condition. Emotional exhaustion, personal achievements and depersonalization are three major components of this burnout. The negative effects of burnout affect the organization and create hindrance in the path of providing holistic care to the patients and in ensuring their safety (Pulido?Martos, Augusto?Landa Lopez?Zafra, 2012). Several studies have provided evidence for poor organizational outcome, career dissatisfaction and reduction in patient satisfaction regarding physical and mental health due to frequent burnouts among nurses (Caadas-De la Fuente et al., 2015). This report will critically appraise an empirical research that was carried out to determine the factors influencing job satisfaction, burnout and healthcare quality delivered to patients by new graduate nurses. Given the negative effects of nurse burnout on patient care quality, health infections and avoidable adverse events, several studies have been undertaken to explore the factors that influence the development of such mental and physical exhaustion among nurses. Data obtained from these studies have identified structural empowerment, leadership, staff adequacy and work-life balance as major contributing factors (Allen et al., 2012). The objective of the study was to assess two hypotheses related to work-life balance, leadership and staff adequacy on nurse job satisfaction and burnout (Boamah et al., 2017). 3 hypothesized models were tested on data obtained from a national study carried out in Canada. The hypothesis 1 tested whether the perception of nurses on the authentic leadership behavior of their supervisors created any positive effects on structural empowerment. This hypothesis took into account short or inadequate nurse staffing. Results from previous studies have proved that less number of nursing staff creates stress and increases the work load on the nurses. This makes them twice more likely to suffer from job dissatisfaction and burnout and they intended to leave the job after a year (Fong, 2016). This led to low job turnovers. The first hypothesis proposed that structural new graduate nurses face less burnout due to the positive effect of structural empowerment on reducing voluntary absentees, meeting staff shortage demands and maintaining work-life balance. The second hypothesis was tested on the data from the study conducted in Canada. The second hypothesis had 2 componen ts, which stated that high structural empowerment reduces short staffing frequency and creates less inference between work and life balance (Sexton et al., 2014). The third hypothesis stated that inadequate staffing creates more frequent work-life interference (Wang et al., 2012). Hypothesis 4 was also tested on the data. It proposed that short staff and work-life interference increased the likelihood of nurse burnouts a year later. The other hypothesis also focused on the negative effects of burnouts on nurse job satisfaction and patient care (Lu et al., 2012). Thus, it can be stated that the design was purely built on these 6 hypotheses that tried to establish the association between nurse burnouts and workplace environment and balance. The design aimed to connect job stress and burnout that occurred a year later to short staffing (Appendix 1). The study collected random samples from 400 registered nurses. These samples were selected from 10 Canadian province nursing registry database. The database contained 3,743 results. The inclusion criteria were stringent and included only nurses who had work experience of less than 3 years. Nurses who were directly involved in patient care were encouraged to participate in the study (Boamah et al., 2017). A time period of 3 years was fixed to ensure that the nurses were new graduates and me the primary criteria for the study. 1020 new graduate nurses returned their surveys at Time 1 with a response rate of 27.3% and 406 respondents from Time 1 returned the survey at Time 2 with a response rate of 39.8%. The intervention principally focused on surveys that recorded responses of the nurses with respect to their work life balance and perception on short staffing, leadership qualities and burnouts. The study utilized Dillmans approach for conducting the survey research. This was done to improve the response rates (Dillman, Smyth Christian, 2014). The survey research is a collection of information taken from a sample of target individuals by analyzing their responses to specific questions. The major outcome on which the hypotheses were tested was job satisfaction of new graduate nurses. It referred to the degree to which the nurses enjoyed their job. It included their relation with coworkers and supervisors, work load and scheduling. This outcome was considered an integral part of providing positive healthcare to the patients. The effect of staffing levels, support from supervisors greatly influence job satisfaction as evident from results of various studies (Meng et al., 2015). The outcome measurement got its ethical approval from the University of Western Ontario Health Sciences Research Ethics Board. Structural equation modeling in Mplus software was used to analyse the hypothesized model (Boamah et al., 2017). The outcomes were evaluated using structural empowerment, authentic leadership and burnout as latent variables. Patient care quality and short staffing were modelled as manifest variables. At Time 1 (November 2012 March 2013), eligible nurses were mailed A survey package was mailed to the eligible nurses that included the questionnaire, letter of consent (Adriaenssens, De Gucht Maes, 2015). A second survey package was sent to the non-responders 4 weeks later. Similar procedure was followed during Time 2 for sending the questionnaires to nurses who responded for Time 1. This ensured better response and valid results. Thus, this approach provided a rigorous approach for the research study. The SPSS software was used for the statistical study. Bootstrapping method was repeated 1000 times to measure the indirect effects of mediation and 95% confidence interval. This process thereby allowed accuracy of the measures (Fang Wang, 2012). This was mainly used as an alternative to the statistical inference of the model assumptions. Repeating the process 1000 times gave a histogram, which gave an estimate of the variation of the means. The Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI), Chi-square (v2), Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA), Comparative Fit Index (CFI) and Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR) were utilized to assess the hypothesized model. SRMR and RMSEA helped in assessing the degree of badness of fit (McGLYNN et al., 2012). However, 0.90 critical values of TFI and CFI showed the correlation between the data. The questionnaires used to assess the study variables were reliable. Their validity was examined using Cronbachs (Bonett Wright, 2015). A 16 item Authentic Leadership Questionnaire was used to measure the validity of the perception of nurses on the leadership of their managers and supervisors. It was based on a 5 point Likert scale. The Conditions of Work Effectiveness-II scale used for measuring structural empowerment was valid as well as evident from previous studies. The balance between the personal and professional life of nurses was assessed using the Work Interference with Personal Life (WIPL) scale. Cynicism and emotional exhaustion subscales of the Maslach Burnout Inventory General Survey was used to measure burnouts. Cronbachs of 0.85 for work life balance, 0.86 for job satisfaction and 0.92 for emotional exhaustion among nurses. Thus, it can be stated that the study did make use of reliable and valid parameters. 405 registered nurses with an average of 1.17 years of direct clinical experience with patients were recruited in the study. The nurses were 27.67 years old on an average. 92% nurses were female and 94% had a baccalaureate degree in nursing. 52% were placed in the medical or surgical units and 16.3% in critical care units (Boamah et al., 2017). The mean, standard deviation and Cronbachs for short staffing, structural empowerment, emotional exhaustion, job satisfaction, patient care quality and work life interference are shown the Appendix 3. The results obtained on performing statistical analysis supported the hypotheses. 2(223) = 600.085, CFI = 0.93, P = 0.001, TLI = 0.92, SRMR = 0.06 and RMSEA = 0.05. All paths were found to be in the direction of the hypotheses (Appendix 4). Structural empowerment was found to be positively affected by authentic leadership (= 0.63, P0.001). The former on the other hand, had a negative influence on shortage of staff (= -0.30, P0.05) during Time 1. Shortage of staff displayed direct correlation with work life interference. The statistical data revealed that nurses who experienced short staffing and work life interference were more likely to suffer from burnout and reported low patient care quality, when analyzed a year later. Patient care quality was positively affected by job satisfacti on (= 0.17, P0.001) (Boamah et al., 2017). Thus, the indirect effects of structural empowerment and authentic leadership on burnouts experienced by new graduate nurses were statistically significant (Appendix 5). The study had some weakness. The first limitation was in the use of self-reported questionnaires. Data from previous studies have shown that these questionnaires often lead to response biases and the responses are influenced by situational or contextual influences. Anonymous completion of the questions in their own privacy and confidentiality might have reduced all biases (Shahnazdoust et al., 2012). That would have increased the validity of the study. The study focused on patient care quality and shortage of staff as single item measures during the statistical analysis. This was another limitation. Usage as single item measures increased vulnerability to random errors and biases in interpretation (Lee et al., 2013). However, they offered an advantage of reducing common method variances. The low response rate from nurses is another concern for the study. This introduced bias in responses and might have influenced the results. Moreover, the specialty areas where the nurses were placed could influence the level of burnouts among them. This could have altered the results. The results obtained in this study supported the hypotheses that were proposed. The relationship between structural empowerment, leadership, short staffing and worklife interference with job satisfaction, burnout, and patient care were successfully demonstrated. The results were consistent with previous studies and showed that perception of new graduate nurse about authentic leadership of their supervisors was directly related structural empowerment in the hospital settings (Laschinger, Wong Grau, 2013). The statistical results suggested some novel findings that indicated negative correlation of empowerment with worklife interference and short-staffing. This correlation led to an increase in burnout among nurses a year later. In addition, it can be said that care quality and job satisfaction are negatively influenced by burnout (Todaro-Franceschi, 2012). Thus, the findings supported empirical and theoretical links between structural empowerment and leadership (Boamah et al., 2017). Previous studies indicated that authentic leaders are responsible for developing genuine relationships with nurses and bringing out positive work results (Epp, 2012). Thus, the findings were consistent with the indications that leading nurse managers, who provided learning opportunities and access to resources to new graduate nurses, were more successful in reducing mental exhaustion (Rudman Gustavsson, 2012). This was one of the first studies that linked structural empowerment and authentic leadership to burnouts. The results therefore showed significant association between the two. The findings suggest that nurses who are exposed to more work life interference and short staffing are likely develop greater burnout levels a year later (Boamah et al., 2017). Hence, it can be stated that establishment of caring and ethical work environment will create positive outcomes in hospital settings. The results can be applied in future in workplaces. If sufficient nursing staff ratio and improved workplace environment are followed in hospitals, they will lead to better patient care and overall satisfaction (Vargas et al., 2014). Thus it can be concluded that upfront investment in training new graduate nurses and proper address of staff issues can be employed as essential strategies that will create a supportive working environment for the nurses and will help in reducing their mental and physical exh austion. The Canadian Institutes for Health Research Partnerships for Health Systems Improvement (#122182) was the main funding institute for the study. It was supported by other hospitals and registered nurses institutes as well. References Adriaenssens, J., De Gucht, V., Maes, S. (2015). Determinants and prevalence of burnout in emergency nurses: A systematic review of 25 years of research.International journal of nursing studies,52(2), 649-661. Allen, T. D., Johnson, R. C., Saboe, K. N., Cho, E., Dumani, S., Evans, S. (2012). Dispositional variables and workfamily conflict: A meta-analysis.Journal of Vocational Behavior,80(1), 17-26. Boamah, S. A., Read, E. A., Spence Laschinger, H. K. (2017). Factors influencing new graduate nurse burnout development, job satisfaction and patient care quality: a time?lagged study.Journal of advanced nursing,73(5), 1182-1195. Bonett, D. G., Wright, T. A. (2015). Cronbach's alpha reliability: Interval estimation, hypothesis testing, and sample size planning.Journal of Organizational Behavior,36(1), 3-15. Caadas-De la Fuente, G. A., Vargas, C., San Luis, C., Garca, I., Caadas, G. R., Emilia, I. (2015). Risk factors and prevalence of burnout syndrome in the nursing profession.International Journal of Nursing Studies,52(1), 240-249. Dillman, D. A., Smyth, J. D., Christian, L. M. (2014).Internet, phone, mail, and mixed-mode surveys: the tailored design method. John Wiley Sons. Epp, K. B. G. N. (2012). Burnout in critical care nurses: a literature review.Dynamics,23(4), 25-31. Fang, Y., Wang, J. (2012). Selection of the number of clusters via the bootstrap method.Computational Statistics Data Analysis,56(3), 468-477. Fong, C. M. (2016). Role overload, social support, and burnout among nursing educators.Journal of Nursing Education,29(3), 102-108. Laschinger, H. K. S., Wong, C. A., Grau, A. L. (2013). Authentic leadership, empowerment and burnout: a comparison in new graduates and experienced nurses.Journal of nursing management,21(3), 541-552. Lee, R. T., Seo, B., Hladkyj, S., Lovell, B. L., Schwartzmann, L. (2013). Correlates of physician burnout across regions and specialties: a meta-analysis.Human resources for health,11(1), 48. Lu, H., Barriball, K. L., Zhang, X., While, A. E. (2012). Job satisfaction among hospital nurses revisited: a systematic review.International journal of nursing studies,49(8), 1017-1038. McGLYNN, K. A. R. E. N., Griffin, M. Q., Donahue, M., Fitzpatrick, J. J. (2012). Registered nurse job satisfaction and satisfaction with the professional practice model.Journal of nursing management,20(2), 260-265. Meng, L., Liu, Y., Liu, H., Hu, Y., Yang, J., Liu, J. (2015). Relationships among structural empowerment, psychological empowerment, intent to stay and burnout in nursing field in mainland Chinabased on a cross?sectional questionnaire research.International journal of nursing practice,21(3), 303-312. Pulido?Martos, M., Augusto?Landa, J. M., Lopez?Zafra, E. (2012). Sources of stress in nursing students: a systematic review of quantitative studies.International Nursing Review,59(1), 15-25. Rudman, A., Gustavsson, J. P. (2012). Burnout during nursing education predicts lower occupational preparedness and future clinical performance: a longitudinal study.International Journal of Nursing Studies,49(8), 988-1001. Sexton, J. B., Sharek, P. J., Thomas, E. J., Gould, J. B., Nisbet, C. C., Amspoker, A. B., ... Profit, J. (2014). Exposure to Leadership WalkRounds in neonatal intensive care units is associated with a better patient safety culture and less caregiver burnout.BMJ Qual Saf,23(10), 814-822. Shahnazdoust, M., MAGHSUDI, S., Tabari, R., Kazemnegad, E. (2012). Relationship between nursing burnout and occupational support. Todaro-Franceschi, V. (2012).Compassion fatigue and burnout in nursing: Enhancing professional quality of life. Springer Publishing Company. Vargas, C., Caadas, G. A., Aguayo, R., Fernndez, R., Emilia, I. (2014). Which occupational risk factors are associated with burnout in nursing? A meta-analytic study.International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology,14(1), 28-38. Wang, Y., Liu, L., Wang, J., Wang, L. (2012). Work-family conflict and burnout among Chinese doctors: the mediating role of psychological capital.Journal of occupational health,54(3), 232-240.

A Transactional Communication Analysis- Can Managers Really Agree Ess

A Transactional Communication Analysis- Can Managers Really Agree? Introduction This paper provides my analysis of an oral presentation using the transactional model of communication. This model is most appropriate to my analysis, as this presentation seeks understanding and agreement of a mid-level management group. The goal of the transaction is to gain buy-in and support of a training program from mid-level managers. My role is to prepare and verbally present information to a small group of managers. My analysis focuses on the systems perspective of the three expanding spheres of the model to reach the goal- integral, strategic and tactical. My analysis is not a detail of all the elements of the spheres. It explains some of my thoughts, in preparing for the transaction, and approaches, which were important to reaching agreement. In my conclusion, I offer why I believe this transaction is, and how one can measure, that success. The Integral Sphere The integral sphere, status and input assumptions, changes most slowly. The culture of my organization lies in its past and current strengths. We excel in specialized services and expertise; however, this strength is our weakness. We have few that think in terms of systems and what is best in the organizational perspective. We lose business and continue to do so, because of labor costs. Our response to new business is using a team of people, rather than the one or a small few. Our customers desire people who are generalists, not specialists, who are knowledgeable in several areas. To meet our customer's needs and our business of tomorrow, we must retrain the existing workforce. The manager's focus today is not toward the future business of the organization, for they immerse themselves into the work processes of yore. There is an assumption, or known, in this sphere to overcome through the transaction. The program has total support of upper level management, the unions and all employees. All are aware of the program through a previous presentation. General acceptance is favorable to most of the employees. It is mid-level managers, however, who are most critical of the program. They refuse to see any value to their current customer needs; or, their workers. Mid-level managers foresee only an increase in their own workload and express concerns in losing employees from direct work to training. Thinking in the integral sphere alone does guarantee success in any communication. It is but one part of the system. To gain understanding and agreement, the needs of the strategic and tactical spheres use the status and input assumptions of this sphere. Preparation in all spheres is crucial for to reach agreement. In this case, I chose to direct my attention to the strategic sphere, which builds upon the integral sphere and provides input for my preparing for the tactical sphere. The Strategic Sphere The strategic sphere changes purpose and method through interpretation and feedback. Although I know in advance that I cannot predict the tactical sphere, I can prepare in advance for some possible events. The managers are aware and knowledgeable of the prior presentations. There are thoughts, biases and concerns of each manager to this program already known. I prepare scenarios and what-ifs, and provide possible responses for each of them. I also have intimate knowledge of tools and other products, unknown to the managers that should ease towards agreement. This is important in considering the purpose and method of the presentation towards the goal. In this case, the use of electronic slides supports advance strategic sphere planning in several ways. First, a minimum of slides and the use of graphics, minimizing text, evoke discussion. It focuses the attentions of the group, all that are visually oriented. Second, electronic media allows for linking to other information, if such a need arises. These slides use little material from the prior presentation noted in the integral sphere. It is likely that someone in the group will comment that the earlier presentation shows contrary information. Third, the purpose is no longer to sell a program, but to obtain the buy-in and agreement of a more focused group. The presentation and environment must stimulate communication, feedback and resolution. The previous presentation is of little benefit to this new one, as one-way communication was the purpose and focus. The pre-planning

Free Essays on The Lord Of The Rings

‘The Lord Of The Rings’ series was written by J.R.R Tolkien and has been around for many generations. Despite being around for so long it is still a favourite amongst the majority of the community constantly being inside the top three best all time books. The movie for this series has been filmed and completed but it will not be released until December and that is only the first part, ‘The Fellowship of the Ring’, with the next two parts to be released at yearly intervals. This book has two titles. The main one, which is the title of the series, is ‘The Lord Of The Rings’. This is very significant to the story because Sauron, who is the main enemy, is the ‘Lord Of The Rings’. This is due to the fact that he has the power to control the nine magic rings but only if he has possession of the One Ring. The other title of the book is ‘The Fellowship Of The Ring’. This is the title for only this book in the trilogy with the other two being ‘The Two Towers’ and ‘The Return Of The King’. This first part of the story is titles ‘The Fellowship Of The Ring’ because during the story a ‘fellowship’, which is a selected group of nine, is formed to set out to destroy the Ruling Ring. This book is definitely a fantasy story although it is very believable. It contains ‘hobbits’, elves, dwarves, wizards, men (although they are not fictional) orcs and many other fictional characters. All these are in someway all connected whether they are friends or foes. Throughout the book all these races are depicted with such close detail they almost pop out of the book in front of you whilst reading. The book is also set in a different world called Middle-earth and a fantasy time that has gone through several eras including such times as the ‘Dark Age’ when evil ruled, although this time doesn’t occur in this book there are several references to it. If this story was set in the earth that we know it woul... Free Essays on The Lord Of The Rings Free Essays on The Lord Of The Rings ‘The Lord Of The Rings’ series was written by J.R.R Tolkien and has been around for many generations. Despite being around for so long it is still a favourite amongst the majority of the community constantly being inside the top three best all time books. The movie for this series has been filmed and completed but it will not be released until December and that is only the first part, ‘The Fellowship of the Ring’, with the next two parts to be released at yearly intervals. This book has two titles. The main one, which is the title of the series, is ‘The Lord Of The Rings’. This is very significant to the story because Sauron, who is the main enemy, is the ‘Lord Of The Rings’. This is due to the fact that he has the power to control the nine magic rings but only if he has possession of the One Ring. The other title of the book is ‘The Fellowship Of The Ring’. This is the title for only this book in the trilogy with the other two being ‘The Two Towers’ and ‘The Return Of The King’. This first part of the story is titles ‘The Fellowship Of The Ring’ because during the story a ‘fellowship’, which is a selected group of nine, is formed to set out to destroy the Ruling Ring. This book is definitely a fantasy story although it is very believable. It contains ‘hobbits’, elves, dwarves, wizards, men (although they are not fictional) orcs and many other fictional characters. All these are in someway all connected whether they are friends or foes. Throughout the book all these races are depicted with such close detail they almost pop out of the book in front of you whilst reading. The book is also set in a different world called Middle-earth and a fantasy time that has gone through several eras including such times as the ‘Dark Age’ when evil ruled, although this time doesn’t occur in this book there are several references to it. If this story was set in the earth that we know it woul...

Vocational research paper on a career - lawyer Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Vocational on a career - lawyer - Research Paper Example The certificate is called pre-law degree. The training is available at universities or law schools. An individual practicing to be a lawyer must pass through the Bar examination, ethics examination and graduate from a law school (The Lawyers Almanac 2011: The Leading Reference of Vital Facts and Figures about the Legal Profession 301). Education requirement for practicing lawyers is set by each school and normally the fees charged for the training ranges from & $150,000 to over $200, 000. In addition, the entry in the bar examination depends on each state’s bar association. The duration taken to study law differ in countries and law schools. An example is that, in the UK, it is: The LLB is 3 years, and the LLM is one year course. Conversely, in the US: A J.D. will take three years to complete after you have spent four years completing a bachelors degree (Walton 95). There are different kinds of lawyers amongst them judicial clerks being paid an average of $54,000, Prosecutors $35,000 to $90,000, public defender $35,000 to $57,000, and federal government lawyer $ 62, 467 as of 2012(The Authoritative Guide Careers for the Year 2000 and Beyond: Everything You Need to Know to Find the Right Career 118). Law as a profession also has various prominent personalities who act as a role model to aspiring lawyers to be. They are Nelson Mandela, Gandhi, Fidel Castro, Dick Button and Jeffrey Chodorow (Basu 192). Demand of people in the profession of law is rather disturbing since most law schools are producing an excess of graduates lawyers. These lawyers are not proportionated with the available employment opportunities available in the nation and the result is unemployment for most graduates lawyers and decreased pay as there are many lawyers available in the market (Occupational Outlook Handbook 256). In conclusion, law is a extremely essential profession since it is

The Monetary Behavior as Created by the Federal Reserve Essay

The Monetary Behavior as Created by the Federal Reserve - Essay Example e instances, the value can be significantly higher, or even lower, than the dollar amount denoted on the paper, all due to the acts of the Federal Reserve. The Federal Reserve also has the responsibility for the behavior of the dollar on the global exchange market, alongside the bigger picture of controlling how much currency is printed and in circulation at any one time (Federal Reserve Publications Committee, 2005). Any action taken by the Federal Reserve in regards to these factors can in some way, shape, or form, influence and controls the behavior of the US dollar. The Federal Reserve has the power, and has always had the power since its creation, to control the amount of funds in its regional banks throughout the United States. By the Federal Reserve requiring any Federal Reserve banks to keep reserves on hand to handle unexpected outflows as well as meet the demands for the daily operations, it was believed that stability in the behavior and value of a dollar would result (Fed eral Reserve Bank of San Francisco). These reserves, however, also play an important part in how the Federal Reserve controls the behavior of a US dollar throughout the nation and the world. From day to day, the amount of reserves a bank wants to hold may change in accordance with its daily transactions. Therefore, when a bank finds that it needs additional reserves on a short-term basis, it can borrow them from other banks that happen to have more reserves than they need (Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco). The interest rate associated with this overnight borrowing of reserves is called the federal funds rate, which adjusts to balance the supply of and demand for reserves. The U.S. Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) sets a target for the federal funds rate, and keeps the rate on... The Federal Reserve has the power, and has always had the power since its creation, to control the amount of funds in its regional banks throughout the United States. By the Federal Reserve requiring any Federal Reserve banks to keep reserves on hand to handle unexpected outflows as well as meet the demands for the daily operations, it was believed that stability in the behavior and value of a dollar would result (Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco). These reserves, however, also play an important part in how the Federal Reserve controls the behavior of a US dollar throughout the nation and the world. From day to day, the amount of reserves a bank wants to hold may change in accordance with its daily transactions. Therefore, when a bank finds that it needs additional reserves on a short-term basis, it can borrow them from other banks that happen to have more reserves than they need (Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco). The interest rate associated with this overnight borrowing of reserves is called the federal funds rate, which adjusts to balance the supply of and demand for reserves. The U.S. Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) sets a target for the federal funds rate, and keeps the rate on target by increasing and decreasing bank reserves through transactions such as the buying and selling of U.S. Treasuries (Federal Reserve, 2011). This is all done in accordance with the long-term goals of monetary policy as stated above.

Need and Respect Essay Example for Free

Need and Respect Essay MichelGerges 18/11/12 â€Å" Respect is the key, they are many doors in life and basketball could be one but if you don’t get the key of respect then you will never get pass that door.† Many people that are trying to attract good things into their life have one major flaw. They do not respect what they seek. Our team desires to win and to succeed in the game of basketball but we do not the respect or mind set to do so. Respect is a very important factor in any sport. You must respect your teammates, your coach, the referee, the fans and your opponent. More importantly, you must respect the game. You must show up on time for games and practices and respect the rules of the game and the rules of the STM team. These rules were simple, the coaches did not ask for much from us. All they had asked for was for us to show respect for everyone on and off the court. Another rule was to be a leader, in a way which you wouldn’t let your teammates disturb other leagues that go on in the church such as other sports league. Show them the respect that we would want back in return. By not telling our friends to stop fooling around then we don’t show any leadership. Leadership is also a way to show respect. We didn’t show leadership when Mina had asked us all to calm down and to get our friends to stop disturbing the league. Mina has better things to do on his Saturday mornings but he decides every morning to get up early to help us even though we have been nothing but ungrateful children who just want to play around and not play real basketball or find out what it’s really like to have the heart for the game. Also, coming into practice late and walking in as if you own the place is unacceptable. It shows a lack of respect and self-discipline. We should treat this team as if it was a team outside of the church. Actually we should treat this with double the respect because this team is a privilege not a right. Not many of us have noticed that yet. Respect to me means being able to step in someone else’s shoes and take a look at life from a different point of view. Everybody has a story and a history we may never hear about, and we must be understanding and non-judgmental. Its loving and caring for everyone around us, for we are all important pieces of the big puzzle that is life. This is what I think respect means but it means many different things to different people and we need to learn to have one common ground with each other. This will help us  to advance in life and succeed and this is the same thing with basketball. If we want to win games and win tournaments than we must have respect for all our coach and teammates. Mentally and physically. We need to sacrifice our body when working hard so that you are giving a hundred and ten percent on the court and not regretting it.

Do the family and the peer group play important roles in the reproduction of violence in everyday practice? :: essays research papers

The term violence doesn’t necessarily have a fixed definition; it can be interpreted in many ways and the understanding of violence changes from person to person, circumstance to circumstance†¦. What one man may see as a violent act, the next man may disagree. A violent act cannot, â€Å"amount to a criminal offence unless at least some observer considered it to be justified.† (1) One has to consider whether the violent act was committed intentionally, recklessly or accidentally. The word aggression is often synonymous with violence, yet we are encouraged to channel aggression properly and put it into practices in fields such as sport and business. This can be dangerous as â€Å"aggressive tendencies develop in many people†¦ in an increasingly competitive world† (2) the most important factor here is that both violence and aggression are attempts to impose dominance. (3) The various interpretations of violence can be best put simply into four categories ; physically defensive, where violence is seen as the only way to prevent injury to one’s self. The defining emotion here is fear; frustrative, where the victim is seen as uncooperative or resistant. The defining emotion here is anger; malefic, where the victim is seen as disrespectful or contemptuous. The defining emotion here is hatred; and frustrative-malefic where anger is displaced by hatred. Juvenile violent crime today often heavily involves the usage of weapons, In particular knives. The crimes of juveniles are often a lot more violent than years previous and we can draw on examples from the murder of Jamie Bulger and Damiola Taylor. Although these, at large, are restricted (and high profile) cases there is still a growing feeling that juveniles today are more competitive on the â€Å"streets† and are getting involved in violence as a means to impress fellow peers through gaining a reputation and also getting more desperate in search of material goods such as mobile phones. Both these factors have always been key in the growing-up process of adolescents. Peer group influence is well established especially regarding drugs and alcohol. It can also extend to bullying behaviour- which can also be a response by a child who, themselves, is being bullied at home by an over-bearing parent. In this way the child uses bullying as a release, out of frustration with conditi ons at home. Bullying can also be attributed to part of growing up. A lot of bullies are regular children, with no history of violence or abuse, who simply try to impress their peers by physically and mentally attacking a child whom they deem weaker than them.

Personal Development Plan Essay

I have always been interested in the financial and investment sector. The movements of the stock market and the forces driving the stock values hold considerable degree of interest. I realize that a stockbroker needs to add value to financial information in order to satisfy the customer queries and investigative requirements of the companies being dealt. The consumers today have easy access to a vast range of financial knowledge and data available on the Internet coupled with company specific details that provides extensive information on the current and projected financial trends. The stock broker under such circumstances needs to be highly alert and aware of the market trends and fluctuating stock values in order to meet the needs of an increasingly knowledgeable customer. (Asia One Business Article, Sep 2007) A career as a stock broker requires a complete understanding of the financial markets and environmental forces that drive the stock trading market. A stock broker is an individual responsible for a business deal on a stock exchange. This primarily involves buying and selling of securities on behalf of people and institutions. Usually, a negotiation is made between two authorised members of the exchange. (Eduquity.com) For the purposes of convenience, an ordinary person is no longer needed to walk into the premises of any institution, for instance, the New York Stock Exchange, to enquire on the trade stock. This exchange is done through a broker. However, a stock broker is not just confined in such plain participation in a transaction as there are other stock broking opportunities such as execution-only, advisory dealing, and discretionary dealing, and other related services. Execution-only stock broker involves the implementation of the client’s instructions to buy or sell. A stock broker who focuses on advisory dealing informs and gives important information to the client on which shares to buy and sell, but leaves the task of final decision-making to the jurisdiction of the investor. Meanwhile, a stock broker who is in-charge with discretionary dealing determines the client’s investment intentions and serves as the mainly involved person in all transactions and decision-making functions done on the client’s behalf. In general, stock brokers provide relevant and useful information on trading stocks, for instance on the cases of which stocks or mutual funds to be bought. (estockwise.com) Keeping in mind these specific requirements and my interest in the financial market I aspire to be a stock broker. In order for me to be a full-pledged stock broker, I must be involved in activities and related opportunities that will increase my competencies, particularly those that I need to be a successful stock broker. Of course, it is necessary to finish my studies first. I will begin by providing assistance to a certified stock broker. This is my short term aspiration. By being an associate, I will have direct exposure to the business transactions that my employer deals with. Gaining experience is my key motivation. My medium aspiration is to get promoted or trusted with bigger responsibilities. For example, my employer will ask me to do things that are similar to his/her functions, allow me to decide on important things, expect me to be reliant to classified tasks, and the likes. After staying on this position for a significant period of time, I will try to evaluate myself if I am already capable of entering my long term aspiration – that is – being a stock broker. This can be achieved once I qualify the preconditions to obtaining a stock broker license. I will immediately take up the needed examinations and eligibility requirements. My career goal is to provide my clients with the necessary guidance and direction towards investments that meet their specific needs and requirements. (estockwise.com) Skills Required For the Chosen Role A stockbroker can offer three types of services depending on their individual capabilities and interest.  · Discretionary stock broking service constitutes management of client investments and making financial decisions on their behalf. This type of service requires building of huge trust and confidence within the customer.  · Advisory stock broking service that involves advising the clients on various investment options available and the desirable course of action with predictive impacts on finance. The client needs to decide on the action or alternative that suits his needs best.  · Executing stock broking service where the stock broker is only involved in buying and selling of stocks as per client’s instructions. In this case the advice or knowledge of market expertise is not required. He merely acts as per the client’s instructions. The basic essential job responsibilities of a stock broker are –  · Managing and reviewing investment portfolios for their clients  · Research the financial market with the cooperation of investment analysts who can provide actual and factual information on the performance of companies and markets  · Provide accurate information on stock market performance and stock values to the customers  · Provide various advisory and specialized services to the clients In view of the type of service and role specific needs of the stock broker the skills or competencies required to fulfill their responsibilities have been identified as follows:  · excellent oral communication  · self-confidence and decision making ability  · Persuasive nature  · Professional approach  · Numeric ability  · Logical reasoning  · In-depth market knowledge and attention to detail  · knowledge of current socio, political, and economic trends  · good judgment of risks  · honesty and a trustworthy attitude In addition to the above mentioned competencies an individual aspiring to be a stock broker needs to keep his cool and have the ability to work under pressure. The drive and urge to succeed and excel in their work is a primary requisite to achieve career objectives as a stock broker. (www.Learndirect-advice.co.uk) Personal Strengths A review of my personal strengths and abilities reveal communication as one of the strongest points that can work to my advantage in career management. Petit, Goris and Vaught (1997) noted communication’s function is essential for cases like allowing employees to conduct meetings, make memos, provide feedback and share corporate-wide information. I believed that the previous exposures and experiences that I gained has greatly assisted me in acquiring this core competency. Good communication skill was gained from giving presentations at seminars, supplier and customer service transactions (e.g. issuing clear and concise instructions, advising and assisting customers, etc). I am also used at working on team projects particularly during my course. As a member of the team projects I have proved my abilities as a good and empathetic listener that has enabled me to judge the situation and present effective solutions to the issues in hand. My team leader noticed my natural sense of persuading others in the team to coordinate and cooperate better and agree to the objectives and milestones that were vital for the success of the project. This particular observation was quite helpful since I was given the team coordinator responsibilities in the subsequent projects. My involvement in the capacity of a team coordinator greatly improved my skills of communication and persuasion. Considering the significant role of communication in stock broking, coordinating is among the basic ingredients of my professional success. I also believed to the spill over effects of effective coordinating function like the development of teamwork and successful working relationship. Teamwork is also attributed to the positive effects upon the psychological health and well-being of organisations member (Carter and West 1999). Through effective communication, people are motivated to work in unity and towards the achievement of individual and organisational goals alike. Personal Weakness In my previous job I had landed into an argument with my team member while discussing the feasible alternative that can be adopted to complete the task objectives nullifying the associated risks. The heated argument was not seen in a favorable light by my managers. Indulging in the process of self introspection I realized that I tend to be quite dictating and adopt a more commanding tone while communicating with other people. Though I can persuade and coax people into agreeing to my views and observations the commanding tone that I use to communicate the message is not liked by most people. This is not a favorable attitude and causes problems in development of harmonious relationships with fellow colleagues. This weakness is more a form of autocratic leadership that has become outdated and irrelevant in today’s business world. People and institutions do not favor this style of leadership anymore and this can pose serious limitations to career growth and development prospects. The current management style prefers a softer approach to people in order to develop a productive and effective team. As stated by a few authors (e.g. Cohen and Brand 1993; Hyde 1992), management requires leader’s full participation and involvement instead of designating individual groups who will shoulder all the responsibilities. Furthermore, this also helps in creating a sense of commitment and loyalty (Hill 1991). In the business point of view, good leadership proves to be quite beneficial as aids in effectively meeting job-related demands, creating higher-performing teams, fostering renewed loyalty and commitment, increasing motivational level, and reducing absenteeism and turnover of employees (Drucker 1995).   I presumed that I am the opposite of a favoured leader. I am autocratic which means I tend to be overly manipulative and domineering. This attitude hinders the development of harmonious relationship or esprit de corps among colleagues and most importantly on the part of potential clients. I recognised the need to learn a leadership style that will be instrumental on the achievement of my intended career role as well as the development of other important values useful in my future as stock broker and person as whole.

Unhappy In Its Own Way An Anna Karenina Study Guide

Published in 1877, Leo Tolstoy referred to Anna Karenina as the first novel he’d written, despite having published several novellas and novels before — including a little book called War and Peace. His sixth novel was produced after a prolonged period of creative frustration for Tolstoy as he worked fruitlessly on a novel based on the life of Russian Tsar Peter the Great, a project that went nowhere slowly and drove Tolstoy to despair. He found inspiration in the local story of a woman who had thrown herself in front of a train after discovering that her lover had been unfaithful to her; this event became the kernel that eventually sprouted into what many believe to be the greatest Russian novel of all time — and one of the greatest novels, period. For the modern reader, Anna Karenina (and any 19th-century Russian novel) can seem imposing and daunting. Its length, its cast of characters, the Russian names, the distance between our own experience and more than a century of societal evolution combined with the distance between a long-gone culture and modern sensibilities make it easy to assume that Anna Karenina will be difficult to understand. And yet the book remains immensely popular, and not solely as an academic curiosity: Every day regular readers pick up this classic and fall in love with it. The explanation for its perpetual popularity is twofold. The simplest and most obvious reason is Tolstoy’s immense talent: His novels haven’t become classics solely because of their complexity and the literary tradition he worked in — they’re fantastically well written, entertaining, and compelling, and Anna Karenina is no exception. In other words, Anna Karenina is an enjoyable reading experience. The second reason for its staying power is an almost-contradictory combination of the evergreen nature of its themes and its transitional nature. Anna Karenina simultaneously tells a story based on social attitudes and behaviors that are just as powerful and entrenched today as they were in the 1870s and broke incredible new ground in terms of literary technique. The literary style — explosively fresh when published — means the novel feels modern today despite its age. Plot Anna Karenina follows two main plot tracks, both fairly superficial love stories; while there are many philosophical and social issues tackled by various sub-plots in the story (most notably a section near the end where characters set off for Serbia to support an attempt at independence from Turkey) these two relationships are the core of the book. In one, Anna Karenina embarks on an affair with a passionate young cavalry officer. In the second, Anna’s sister-in-law Kitty initially rejects, then later embraces the advances of an awkward young man named Levin. The story opens in the home of Stepan Stiva Oblonsky, whose wife Dolly has discovered his infidelity. Stiva has been carrying on an affair with a former governess to their children and has been pretty open about it, scandalizing society and humiliating Dolly, who threatens to leave him. Stiva is paralyzed by this turn of events; his sister, Princess Anna Karenina, arrives to try and calm the situation down. Anna is beautiful, intelligent, and married to the prominent government minister Count Alexei Karenin, and she is able to mediate between Dolly and Stiva and get Dolly to agree to stay in the marriage. Dolly has a younger sister, Princess Ekaterina Kitty Shcherbatskaya, who is being courted by two men: Konstantin Dmitrievich Levin, a socially-awkward landowner, and Count Alexei Kirillovich Vronsky, a handsome, passionate military officer. As you might expect, Kitty is enamored of the dashing officer and chooses Vronsky over Levin, which devastates the earnest man. However, things take an immediate gossipy turn when Vronsky encounters Anna Karenina and falls deeply for her on first sight, which in turn devastates Kitty. Kitty is so hurt by this turn of events she actually becomes sick. For her part, Anna finds Vronsky attractive and compelling, but she dismisses her feelings as a temporary infatuation and returns home to Moscow. Vronsky, however, pursues Anna there and tells her that he loves her. When her husband becomes suspicious, Anna fiercely denies any involvement with Vronsky, but when he’s involved in a terrible accident during a horse race, Anna can’t hide her feelings for Vronsky and confesses that she loves him. Her husband, Karenin, is mainly concerned with his public image. He refuses her a divorce, and she moves to their country estate and begins a torrid affair with Vronsky that soon finds her pregnant with his child. Anna is tortured by her decisions, wracked with guilt over betraying her marriage and abandoning her son with Karenin and gripped by powerful jealousy in relation to Vronsky. Anna has a difficult childbirth while her husband visits her in the country; upon seeing Vronsky there he has a moment of grace and agrees to divorce her if she wishes, but leaves the final decision with her after forgiving her for her infidelity. Anna is outraged by this, resenting his ability to suddenly take the high road, and she and Vronsky travel with the baby, going to Italy. Anna is restless and lonely, however, so they eventually return to Russia, where Anna finds herself increasingly isolated. The scandal of her affair leaves her unwanted in the social circles she once traveled in, while Vronsky enjoys a double standard and is free to do as he likes. Anna begins to suspect and fear that Vronsky has fallen out of love with her and has become unfaithful, and she grows increasingly angry and unhappy. As her mental and emotional state deteriorates, she goes to the local train station and impulsively throws herself in front of an oncoming train, killing herself. Her husband, Kar enin, takes in her and Vronsky’s child. Meanwhile, Kitty and Levin meet again. Levin has been at his estate, trying unsuccessfully to convince his tenants to modernize their farming techniques, while Kitty has been recovering at a spa. The passage of time and their own bitter experiences have changed them, and they quickly fall in love and marry. Levin chafes under the restrictions of married life and feels little affection for his son when he’s born. He has a crisis of faith that leads him back to the church, becoming suddenly fervent in his belief. A near-tragedy that threatens his child’s life also sparks in him the first sense of true love for the boy. Major Characters Princess Anna Arkadyevna Karenina:  Main focus of the novel, wife of Alexei Karenin, brother of Stepan. Anna’s fall from grace in society is one of the main themes of the novel; as the story opens she is a force of order and normalcy come to her brother’s house to set things right. By the end of the novel, she has seen her entire life unravel — her position in society lost, her marriage destroyed, her family taken from her, and — she is convinced at the end — her lover lost to her. At the same time, her marriage is held up as typical of the time and place in the sense that her husband — much like other husbands in the story — is stunned to discover that his wife has a life or desires of her own outside of the family. Count Alexei Alexandrovich Karenin:  A government minister and Anna’s husband. He is much older than she is, and at first appears to be a stiff, moralizing man more concerned with how her affair will make him look in society than anything else. Over the course of the novel, however, we find that Karenin is one of the truly moral characters. He is legitimately spiritual, and he is shown to be legitimately worried over Anna and the descent of her life. He tries to do the right thing at every turn, including taking in his wife’s child with another man after her death. Count Alexei Kirillovich Vronsky:  A dashing military man of great passions, Vronsky truly loves Anna, but has no capacity to understand the differences between their social positions and chafes at her increasing desperation and attempts to keep him close to her out of jealousy and loneliness as her social isolation grows. He is crushed by her suicide and his instinct is to head off to volunteer to fight in Serbia as a form of self-sacrifice in an attempt to atone for his failings. Prince Stepan Stiva Arkadyevich Oblonsky:  Anna’s brother is handsome and bored with his marriage. He has regular love affairs and spends beyond his means in order to be part of high society. He is surprised to discover that his wife, Kitty, is upset when one of his most recent affairs is discovered. He is in every way representative of the Russian aristocratic class in the late 19th-century according to Tolstoy — ignorant of real matters, unfamiliar with work or struggle, self-centered and morally blank. Princess Darya Dolly Alexandrovna Oblonskaya: Dolly is Stepan’s wife, and is presented as the opposite of Anna in her decisions: She is devastated by Stepan’s affairs, but she still loves him, and she values her family too much to do anything about it, and so remains in the marriage. The irony of Anna guiding her sister-in-law to the decision to stay with her husband is intentional, as is the contrast between the social consequences that Stepan faces for his infidelity to Dolly (there are none because he is a man) and those faced by Anna. Konstantin Kostya Dmitrievich Là «vin:  The most serious character in the novel, Levin is a country landowner who finds the supposedly sophisticated ways of the city’s elite to be inexplicable and hollow. He is thoughtful and spends much of the novel struggling to understand his place in the world, his faith in God (or lack thereof), and his feelings towards his wife and family. Whereas the more superficial men in the story marry and start families easily because it is the expected path for them and they do as society expects unthinkingly — leading to infidelity and restlessness — Levin is contrasted as a man who works through his feelings and emerges satisfied with his decision to marry and start a family. Princess Ekaterina Kitty Alexandrovna Shcherbatskaya:  Dolly’s younger sister and eventually wife to Levin. Kitty initially wishes to be with Vronsky due to his handsome, dashing persona and rejects the somber, thoughtful Levin. After Vronsky humiliates her by pursuing the married Anna over her, she descends into a melodramatic illness. Kitty evolves over the course of the novel, however, deciding to devote her life to helping others and then appreciating Levin’s attractive qualities when they next meet. She is a woman who chooses to be a wife and mother instead of having it thrust upon her by society, and is arguably the happiest character at the end of the novel. Literary Style Tolstoy broke new ground in Anna Karenina with the use of two innovative techniques: A Realist approach and Stream of Consciousness. Realism Anna Karenina wasn’t the first Realist novel, but it is regarded as a nearly-perfect example of the literary movement. A Realist novel attempts to depict everyday things without artifice, as opposed to the more flowery and idealist traditions that most novels pursue. Realist novels tell grounded stories and avoid any sort of embellishment. The events in Anna Karenina are set out simply; people behave in realistic, believable ways, and events are always explicable and their causes and consequences can be traced from one to the next. As a result, Anna Karenina remains relatable to modern audiences because there are no artistic flourishes that mark it in a certain moment of the literary tradition, and the novel is also a time capsule of what life was like for a certain class of people in 19th-century Russia because Tolstoy took pains to make his descriptions accurate and factual instead of pretty and poetic. It also means that while characters in Anna Karenina represent segments of society or prevailing attitudes, they aren’t symbols — they are offered as people, with layered and sometimes contradictory beliefs. Stream of Consciousness Stream of Consciousness is most often associated with the groundbreaking postmodern works of James Joyce and Virginia Woolf and other 20th century writers, but Tolstoy pioneered the technique in Anna Karenina. For Tolstoy, it was used in service of his Realist goals — his peek into the thoughts of his characters reinforces the realism by showing that the physical aspects of his fictional world are consistent — different characters see the same things the same way — while perceptions about people shift and change from character to character because each person has only a sliver of the truth. For example, characters think differently of Anna when they learn of her affair, but the portrait artist Mikhailov, unaware of the affair, never changes his superficial opinion of the Karenins. Tolstoy’s use of stream of consciousness also allows him to depict the crushing weight of opinion and gossip against Anna. Every time a character judges her negatively because of her affair with Vronsky, Tolstoy adds a bit of weight to the social judgment that eventually drives Anna to suicide. Themes Marriage as Society The first line of the novel is famous for both its elegance and the way it lays out the major theme of the novel succinctly and beautifully: â€Å"All happy families are alike; each unhappy family is unhappy in its own way.† Marriage is the central theme of the novel. Tolstoy uses the institution to demonstrate different relationships with society and the invisible set of rules and infrastructure we create and abide by, which can destroy us. There are four marriages examined closely in the novel: Stepan and Dolly:  This couple can be seen as a successful marriage as compromise: Neither party is truly happy in the marriage, but they make arrangements with themselves to carry on (Dolly focuses on her children, Stepan pursues his fast lifestyle), sacrificing their true desires.Anna and Karenin: They refuse compromise, choosing to pursue their own path, and are miserable as a result. Tolstoy, who in real life was very happily married at the time, portrays the Karenins as the result of viewing marriage as a step on the society ladder rather than a spiritual bond between people. Anna and Karenin do not sacrifice their true selves but are unable to attain them because of their marriage.Anna and Vronsky:  Although not actually married, they have an ersatz marriage after Anna leaves her husband and becomes pregnant, traveling and living together. Their union is no happier for having been born from impulsive passion and emotion, however — they pursue their desires but are pr evented from enjoying them because of the restrictions of the relationship.Kitty and Levin:  The happiest and most secure couple in the novel, Kitty and Levin’s relationship begins poorly when Kitty rejects him but ends as the strongest marriage in the book. The key is that their happiness is not due to any sort of social matching or commitment to religious principle, but rather to the thoughtful approach they both take, learning from their disappointments and mistakes and choosing to be with each other. Levin is arguably the most complete person in the story because he finds his satisfaction on his own, without relying on Kitty. Social Status as Prison Throughout the novel, Tolstoy demonstrates that people’s reactions to crises and changes are dictated not so much by their individual personalities or willpower, but by their background and social status. Karenin is initially stunned by his wife’s infidelity and has no idea what to do because the concept of his wife pursuing her own passions is foreign to a man of his position. Vronsky cannot conceive of a life where he does not consistently put himself and his desires first, even if he truly cares for someone else, because that is how he has been raised. Kitty desires to be a selfless person who does for others, but she cannot make the transformation because that is not who she is — because that is not how she has been defined her whole life. Morality Tolstoy’s characters all struggle with their morality and spirituality. Tolstoy had very strict interpretations of the duty of Christians in terms of violence and adultery, and each of the characters struggles to come to terms with their own spiritual sense. Levin is the key character here, as he is the only one who gives up his self-image and actually engages in an honest conversation with his own spiritual feelings in order to understand who he is and what his purpose in life is. Karenin is a very moral character, but this is presented as a natural instinct for Anna’s husband—not something he has come to through thought and contemplation, but rather simply the way he is. As a result, he does not truly grow during the course of the story but finds satisfaction in being true to himself. All the other major characters ultimately live selfish lives and are thus less happy and less fulfilled than Levin. Historical Context Anna Karenina was written at a time in Russian history — and world history — when culture and society were restless and on the verge of rapid change. Within fifty years the world would plunge into a World War that would redraw maps and destroy ancient monarchies, including the Russian imperial family. Old societal structures were under attack from forces without and within, and traditions were constantly questioned. And yet, Russian aristocratic society (and, again, high society around the world) was more rigid and bound by tradition than ever. There was a real feeling that the aristocracy was out of touch and insular, more concerned with its own internal politics and gossip than the country’s growing problems. There was a clear divide between the moral and political views of the countryside and the cities, with the upper classes viewed increasingly as immoral and dissolute. Key Quotes Aside from the famous opening line All happy families resemble one another, each unhappy family is unhappy in its own way, Anna Karenina is stuffed with fascinating thoughts: â€Å"And death, as the sole means of reviving love for herself in his heart, of punishing him, and of gaining the victory in that contest which an evil spirit in her heart was waging against him, presented itself clearly and vividly to her.† â€Å"Life itself has given me the answer, in my knowledge of what is good and bad. And that knowledge I did not acquire in any way; it was given to me as to everybody, given because I could not take it from anywhere.† â€Å"I see a peacock, like this featherhead, whos only amusing himself.† â€Å"The highest Petersburg society is essentially one: in it everyone knows everyone else, everyone even visits everyone else.† â€Å"He could not be mistaken. There were no other eyes like those in the world. There was only one creature in the world who could concentrate for him all the brightness and meaning of life. It was she.† â€Å"The Karenins, husband and wife, continued living in the same house, met every day, but were complete strangers to one another.† â€Å"Love those that hate you.† â€Å"All the variety, all the charm, all the beauty of life is made up of light and shadow.† â€Å"Whatever our destiny is or may be, we have made it ourselves, and we do not complain of it.† â€Å"Respect was invented to cover the empty place where love should be.†